Introduction. Standard JIS sedang dalam revisi dari JIS B 0001 : 1995 sebagai pokok dalam mengcofirmasikan ke international standard dan Japanese Industruial standard memberi semua aturan sebagai reference.
1. Cakupan. standar ini adalah teknik menggambar untuk technical enginnering , dalam hal gambar part dan gambar assembling.
2. Normative reverence . Mengikuti standard yang selalu mengacu ke dalam standard ini, mengacu pada kesepakatan dari standard ini ,Standard dalam suatu edisi dalam setandard ini adalah sebagai berikut.
JIS B 0021. Geometrical product specification (GPS)”Geometrical tolerance, Tolerance of form, Orientation, Locatoin and round-out. ( remark ISO/DIS 1101:1996 )
JIS B 0024. Technical Drawings, Fundamental Tolerance principle . ( remark ISO 8015 : 1985 )
JIS B 0026. Technical drawings, Dimension and tolerance,Non rigid part ( Remark ISO 10579 : 1993 )
JIS B 0028. Technical drawings, Dimension and tolerance,Cones ( Remark ISO 3040 : 1990 )
JIS B 0031. Technical drawings, Metode of indicating surfacetexture on drawings ( Remark ISO 1302 : 1978 )
JIS B 0419. General tolerance, Part2 : Geometrical tolerance for fiture without individual tolerance indications ( Remark ISO 2768-2 : 1989 )
JIS B 0026. Technical drawings, Dimension and tolerance,Non rigid part ( Remark ISO 10579 : 1993 )
JIS Z 3021. Simbolic reprencentation of weld
JIS Z 8114 Technical Product documentation, terms relating to technical drawings ( Remark ISO 10209-1: 1992 ) Technical Product documentation,Vocabularry Part 1. Terms relating to technical drawings General and type of drawings ( Remark ISO 10209-2: 1992 Technical Product documentation,Vocabularry Part 2. Terms relating to projection metod.
JIS Z 8310. Technical drawing, General code of drawing practice
JIS Z 8311. Technical drawing, Size and layout of drawing hseets ( Remark ISO 5457: 1980 )
JIS Z 8312. Technical drawing, General principles of percentation, basic convention for line ( Remark ISO 128-20: 1996 )
JIS Z 8313-0 Technical drawing, Lettring, bagian 0. General requrement ( Remark ISO/FDIS 3098-0: 1997 ).
JIS Z 8313-1 Technical drawing, Lettring, bagian 1. Curently used character ( Remark ISO/FDIS 3098-1: 1974 )
JIS Z 8313-10 Technical drawing, Lettring, bagian 10. Japanese character ( kana dan kanji )
JIS Z 8314 Technical drawing, Scale ( Remark ISO5455-0: 1979 ).
JIS Z 8315-3 Technical drawing, Projection metod, Bagian3. Axonometric reprecentation ( Remark ISO5456-3: 1979 )
JIS Z 8315-4 Technical drawing, Projection metod, Bagian 4. Central projection ( Remark ISO5456-4: 1979 )
JIS Z 8316 Technical drawing, Projection, General principles of reprecentation. ( Remark 128: 1982 ).
JIS Z 8318 Technical drawing, tolerancing of linear and angular dimension ( Remark ISO408 : 1987 )
3. Penjelasan . Penjelasan dari maksud standard ini , di jelaskan di dalam standard JIS Z 8114 yang berlaku.
4. Item umum . Item pokok dalam technical drawing untuk mechanical engineering adalah sebagai berikut :
a) The technical drawings shall be so drawn that the correct proportional relation between the size of view and the size of object is maintained. However, for the drawing considered to have no fear of misreading, this proposional relation may be not maintained on a part or all part of view.
b) The centre of line in the thickness direction shall beon the podition of line theoretically to be drawn.
c) The minimum clearance of line to be drawn adjactent to ech outher is to be twice the thickness of the thickest line in the case of the parallel line and the clearance between the lines is prefrelable to be 0.7mm or more.as a rule. Further, in the case of intersecting line aggregated densely. The line interval shall be not lass than 3 times the thickness of the thickest line.
d) In the case where many line are concentrated to a point, unless it isnot confused, the line shall be stopped at a position when the minimum clearense between line become about twice the thickness of the thickest line and the periphery of the point is desirableto be clear.
e) The objects or part made of transparent material shall be drawn as all of tham are opaque in the project view.
f) The dimension in size shal, unless outherwise designated,”1” be so designated that the measurement of the object is carriedout by two point-measurement. Dimension tolerance do, unless outherwise designated, nnot regulate the shape. Note “1” In the case where the application of envelope requirement lihat JIS B 0024 is designated and outher.
g) For the dimension except special one ( reference dimension,theoretichally exact dimension, etc). the permissible lilmits of dimension shall be designated directly or colectively.
h) Only where it is indispensable depending on the fungtional requirement, interchangeability and, manufacturing thecnical level, the geometrical tolerances shall be designated in accordance with JIS B 0021 or JIS B 0419.
i) In the case where the desingnation concerning the surface texture is required, it shall be designated in accordance with JIS B 0031.
j) In the case where the desingnation concerning the welding is performed, it shall be designated in accordance with JIS Z 3021.
k) The indicating metod of special part such as screew and springs shall be designated in accordance with JIS.
l) In the case where the symbol specified in JIS to be used in drawing is used in strict acordence with the specification, in general, it is not required to note specially.
In the case where the symbol specified in JIS without designation to use for technical drawing specially or the symbol specified in publicly known standard outher than JIS is used. The number of the applied standard shall, as a rule, be noted on a proper position of the drawing.
Further, in the case where the symbol not base on them is used, the minning of the symbol shall be noted on a proper portion of the drawing.
5. Size and format of drawings
1) Size of drawings, size of drawing shall be as follow :
a. For the full scale, paper of minimum size capable of keeping clearness and appropriate size required by the object should preverably be used,
b. The size of paper used for drawing shall be selected from the series in tables 1, 2, and 3 in this order.
2) Format of drawings, Format of drawing shall be as follow :
a.The drawing shall be used with its long side placed in the horizontal direction. However, A4 may be used with its long side in the vertical direction.
b.On drawing, the border line of minimum 0.5mm in thickness shall be drawn in conformity the size specified in table 4.
c. On drawing, the title block shall be set in its right-down corner, and as a rule, drawing number, name of drawing,name of enterprise(organitation), sig of person in charge, date of preparation of drawing, scale, and projection method shall be inscribed.
d.On drawing, the center mark, the direction mark, the scale, the lattice reference system, and the cut mark shall be set in acordence with JIS Z 8311.
e. In the case of folding up the duplicated drawing, its size shall, as a rule, be 210mmx297mm ( size of A4)
Remark.
1. The full scale is not folded up ordinarily, in the case where the ful; scale is preserved by winding, the inside diameter should preferably be not less than 40mm.
2. In the case where the full scale is folded up, it should preperably follow JIS Z 8311, Anex (informative)
6. Scale the scale to be used for drawing shal be as given in the following :
a. The scale shal be expressed by A : B, Where A => the corresponding length in the drawing view, B=> actual length of object.
Further in the case of full scale, both A and B shall be indicated by 1, in the case of reduction scale, A, by 1, and in the case of enlargement scale, B by 1,
Example1. In the case of full scale 1 : 1
Example2. In the case enlargement scale 5 : 1
Example3. In the case of reduction scale 1 : 2
b. Values of scale shall as given in table 5.
c. I the case where different scale is used on the same drawing, only the main scale shall be increbed in title block of the drawing. All other scale shall be increbed close to reference number of related part ( for example1 ). Or with reference to character ( for example part, A) of the detailed view or sectional view.
d. In the case where the small object is drawn in large scale, full scale should be preverebly be simplified and only the contour of the object may be drawn.
Remark.
Ø The scale shall be selected so as to meet the purpose and complication for expressing the object to be drawn. In all case, the case shaal be selected so that the drawn information can be easly understood without any mistakes.
Ø In special cases where larger scale than the enlargement scale or the smaller scale than the reduction scale shown in the table5. Is required, the object may be drawn in an extended manner in the vertical direction over the recommended numerical range of the scale. However, the scale used shall be the recommended scale multiplied by integer of 10.
In the case where unavoidably, the recommended scale can not be applied, an intermediate scale mau be selected.
In the case, the scale specified in JIS Z 9314 Annex 1 (normative) shoul preverably be selected.
7. Lines the line to be use on drawing shal be as givenin te following :
1. Thinckess of line The reference of thickness off line shall be 0.13mm ,0.18mm, 0.25mm, 0.35mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 1mm, 1.4m, and 2mm.
2. Kind an use of line lines shall be used as shown in table 6 deepending on purpose of use. For outher kind of line, JIS Z 8312 shall apply. Further, in the case where in the line independent of this table has been used, the use of the line shal be noted on the drawing.
3. Priority of line in the case where line of two kinds or more are overlapped on the same portion of drawing, the line of preferable kind shall be drawn in the order shoen as follow fig 2.
a. Visible outline d. center line
b. Hiden line’ e. centroidal line
c. Line of cutting plant f. projection line
Table 6. kind and use of line
Notes.
ü This line is not specified in JIS Z 8316
ü The fictitious out line is used for indicating the required shape which does not appear on the view according to the projection method, for convenience. Further, it is also used for indicating auxiliary the view to assist the understanding on function and processing.
ü Outhe kind of line should preferably be in accordance with JIS Z 8312.
ü Where there is no fear of mixture with outher use, it is not required to make the end part and the part changing in direction thick.
Remark. The ratio of thickness of thin line, thick line and exstra thick line shal be 1: 2: 4.
Example 1.
Example 2.
Example 3.
Example 4.
Example 5.
Example 6.
Example 7.
Example 8.
Example 9.
Example 10.
Fig 3. Example of figure of using method og line
8. Character and document the method of writing character and document to be use shall be as follow :
8.1. Kind and size of character the kind size of the characters shall be follow
8.1.1. Kind of character as be follow
a. The Chinese character should preferably follow the table of Chinese character for daily use a ( cabinet notification No.1 on oct 1, 1981 ). However, the Chinese character of minimum 16 strokes should be written by the japanese syllabary ( kana)
b. For the Japanese shillabary (kana) either the sequer from or the cursive form shall be used, and the mixing use shall not be carried out in series drawing axcept where it is desired specially to empazise. However, the use the sequare form for the description of a word of foreign origin, academic name of animals and plants, and calling attention is not concedered to be mixing use.
c. The style of roman characters, numeral and symbol shall be upright or oblique style of type A or type B and shall not be mixed ( JIS 8313-0 ).
8.1.2. Size of character as be follow :
a. The size of the character shall generally be expressed by designation of the height “h” of the basic framework in wicth in outher contour of the character is accommodated
Informative reference: the size of the Chinese character, Japanese shillabary character, shall be expressed by the hight “h” of the basicframework specified in JISZ 8313-10. The size of romce character, numeral and symbol shall be expressed by the height “h” of the baic framework specified in JIS Z 8313-1.
b. The size of Chinese character shall be of 4 kind of designation 3.5(8),5,7 and 10mm the size of Japanese shillabary (kaan) shall be of 5 kinds of designation 2.5(8)-3,5-5-7- and 10mm. however this rule does not apply where outher wise required,
When the type of already determined size is used the size close thereto should preferable be selected.
Note. In some kinds of duplicating method,this size is not applicable, especially, in the case of pencel drawing, care shall be taken.
c. The size of the contracted sound character” ya”,” yu” dan “yo”and double consonant character “tsu” of the Japanese syllabary (kana) subscribed to outher Chinese character or Japanese syllabary (kana) shal be 0.7 at this ratio, however, when required specially, this rule does not apply.
d. The size of roman characters and symbol shall be of 5 kind designation” 2,5- 3.5-5-7-10 “ however, this rule does not apply where otherwise required.
e. The space a between character shall be at least twice the thickness of the line of the character. The minimum pitch “b” of the base line shall be 14/10 of the maximum designation of the characters to be use ( fig 4).
f. Figs.5,6 and 7 show examples of Chinese character, Japanese syllabary character, and roman character and numerals respectively.
8.2. Expression at the document in the case where the document are required to be written in drawings, expression of the document shall be follow :
8.2.1. The document shall, as a rule, be written from left to right using literary-colloquial speech language. Further, as required, they shall be written with a space between words.
8.2.2. Notes in drawings shall be simple and clear,
Remark : this figure is not an examples of expressing style or shape of character.
Size 10mm
Size 7 mm
Size 5mm
Size 3,5mm
Remark : this figure is not an examples of expressing style or shape of character
Fig. 5 style of Chinese character
9. Method of projection the projection view shall be drawn by third angle projection method. However, in the case where the projection view cant not be drawn at correct arrangement by third angle projection method due to shortage of space or where if a part of view is drawn at a position according to the third angle projection method, the view become difficult to understand, the interrelationship shall be indicated by the arrow mark method arrow using mark and character ( JIS Z 8316).
9.1. Name of projection view
ü Projection in direction “a”= front view
ü Projection in direction “b”= plant
ü Projection in direction “c”= left side view
ü Projection in direction “d”= right side view
ü Projection in direction “e”= bottom view
ü Projection in direction “f”= rear view
When the front view (main projection view0 is selected (10.1.1) the angle formed by the front view and the related other projection view shall be 90 drajat or multiple of 90 drajat ( fig.8 )
9.2. Third angle projection method in the third angle projection method, the format view (a) is a reference, and other projection are arranged as follow ( fig. 9). In such a case, symbol of the projection method show in fig.10 shall be indicated in title block or close thereto.
Plant view (b) arranged on the top side
Bottom view (e) arranged on the button side
Left side view (c) arranged on the left side
Right view (d) arranged on the right side
Rear view (f) arranged on the left or right side as required
Symbol :…..
Remark : the position of the rear view show an example
Fig 9 third angle projection method
9.3. First angle projection method in the case, the front view (a) is a reference, and other projection view are arranged as follow ( fig.11) in such a case, symbols of the projection method show in fig.12, shall be indicated in title block or close thereto.
Plant view (b) arranged on the button side
Bottom view (e) arranged on the top side
Left side view (c) arranged on the right side
Right view (d) arranged on the left side
Rear view (f) arranged on the left or right side as required.
Symbol :…..
Remark : the position of the rear view show an example
Fig 11. first angle projection method
9.4. Arrow mark method in the case where expression is made by the projection view not following the strict format of the first angle projection method and third angle projection method, projection view in various direction by using arrows can be arranged at arbitrary positions. Each projection view other than the main projection view is instructed by arrows indicating the direction of projection and roman capital character shall be written clearly and upwardly irrespective of the direction of projection. The instructed projection view may be arranged at the position not corresponding to the main projection view, the roman capital character to identify the projection view shall be place immediately above or below of the related projection view. Reference shall be arranged in the same method in one drawing. not other instruction are required. (Fig.13 and 14 )
Remark fig14a is a view to indicated the projection view, and partially omitted in the drawings (10.3)
Fig 14 example of arrow mark method
9.5. Other projection view in the case where the single view drawing must be drawn for the purpose of easily understanding the shaft of the object, the single view drawing shall be drawn by using the isometric projection, the oblique projection the perspective projection etc, drawing using the isometric projection and the oblique projection and drawing using the perspective projection shall follow JIS Z 8315-3 and JIS Z 8315-4, respectively.
10. Expression of view
10.1. Expression of projection view
10.1.1. General
a. The projection view of giving most information on the object shall be the main projection view or the front view.
b. When other projection views (including sectional view) are required, the number of the projection view and section view shall be necessary and sufficient foe specifying the object completely in order to avoid any vagueness.
c. The projection view unnecessary for expressing any hidden contour lines or edges shall be selected as match as possible.
d. Repetition of unnecessary detail shall be avoided.
10.1.2. Main projection view.
a. For main projection view, the surface indicating most clearly the shape and performance of object shall be drawn. Further the condition of drawing the object shall be in accordance with either one of the following according to the purpose of drawing.:
Ø In the drawing expressing mainly the function such as assembly drawing the condition of using object.
Ø In the drawing for processing such as part drawing, the condition of placing the object in the process of utilizing the drawing most frequency (fig.15 and 16)
Fig 15. Example of turning fig 16. Example of planning
Ø In the case where there is no special reason, the condition where the object is placed horizontally.
b. Other projection view to supplement the main projection view shall be as view as possible, and for the object capable of being expressed by only the main projection view, other projection view shall not be drawn. (fig17).
c. The arrangement of interrelated figure shall be so made that it can be completed without using hidden outline as for as possible (fig 18), except where it becomes inconvenient to compare with contrasting (fig 19).
10.1.3. Partial view
Where the indication of a part of figure is sufficient, only the required part shall be expressed as partial view. In the case, the boundary of the eliminated part shall be indicated by line of limit of partial or interrupted view and section (fig.20) however, where it is clear enough, the line may be omitted.
10.1.4. Local view
Where the indication by drawing the shape of only a part such as hole, groove, or the like sufficient, the required part shall be expressed as the local view. For indicating the projecting relation, it shall, be connected by centre line, reference line, projection line, etc, in the main figure (figs21, and 22).
10.1.5. Elements on large scale.
When the inscription of detailed drawing and dimension of the part is impossible to be mode because the view of special part is small, enclose the part with a thin continuous line and indicate with a capital English letter, draw the corresponding part on other place on large scale and append the indicating latter and scale (fig23). However, where the scale of enlarged view is not required to indicate, the term “enlarge view” may be appended instead of the scale.
10.1.6. Revolved projection
Where the actual shape does not appear, due to the projection angle, the actual shape may be indicated by drawing with the part revolving, (fig24a)b)]. Further, there is a fear of misreading, the line use for drawing shall be retained (fig24c).
10.1.7. Auxiliary view
In the case of an object having inclined surface part and where expressing the actual shape of the inclined surface is required, it shall be expressed as follow by auxiliary view.
a) In the case where is necessary to draw the actual shape of inclined surface of object, it shall be expressed as auxiliary view at a position opposing the inclined surface(fig25). In the case, only the required part may be draw as partial view ( see 10.1.3.) or local view (see 10.1.4).
b) In the case where the auxiliary view cant not be arranged at a position opposing the inclined surface (see fig25) due to the relation paper surface or the like, the circumstances shall be indicated by arrow mark and large letter of English (fig26a). however, as show in fig26b, the projection relation may be indicated by connection with a folded center line.
In the case where the arrangement relation of auxiliary view ( including projection view of required part) is difficult to understand, the grid reference symbol of region of drawing of counter position shall be appended to respective indicating letter. Fig27).
Remark. The grid reference symbol (E-7) indicates the region of drawing where the auxiliary view is draw and that (B-2) indicated the region of drawing where the arrow mark is drawn which are formed by assembling reference letters according to grid reference symbol ( JIS Z 8311 ) fig 27.
10.2. Section view
10.2.1. General
a) In order to indicate the hidden part to be understood easily, it may be drawn as the section view. For the view of the sectional view, cut temporary the object by the using cutting plan, remove the side part of the cutting plane and draw in accordance with 10.1.
b) The object which is interfered with understanding by cutting (Example1), or whose cutting has no significance (Example2) shall, as a rule, not e cut in longitudinal direction ( fig 28).
Example 1 rib ( of gear wheel) arm, teeth of wheel.
Example2 shift, pin, bolt, nut, washer, machine screw, rivet, key, steel ball, cylindrical roller.
c) In the case where the position of the section must be indicated a thin one-dot chain line having thick part at both ends and change cut direction shall be used. In the case where the projection direction must be indicated, an arrow indicating the projection direction shall be inscribed at both ends of the one dot-chain line. in addition, in the case where the section must be identified, representation shall be made by symbol of capital roman letter, the projection direction shall be indicated by the arrow, and the ID number of the referred section shall be inscribed of the end of arrow immediately above or below the corresponding sectional view ( fig.29).
d) Hatching, if applied in order to show the section, shall be as follow:
1. Hatching should preferably be applied using small solid line at 450 with reference to the main center line.
2. In order to indicate materials and the like on the sectional view, special hatching may be applied. In the case designate clearly the meaning in the drawing or indicate by using the corresponding standard.
3. To the section of the same part appearing on the same cutting plane, apply the same hatching (fig28 and31). However, where it is required to divide the part appearing on each stage of cutting plane of stair form, the hatching may be shift ( fig 29).
4. The hatching of adjacent shall be divided by changing the direction of line or angle or changing of interval (fig30 and31).
5. Where the area of section is broad, the hatching (or smudging) shall be applied in a suitable range along the visible outline (fig31).
6. In the case where for inscription of letter, symbol or the like are required the hatching shall be interrupted (fig 30).
10.2.2. Full section view .
The full section view shall be drawn as follow:
a) Decide the cutting plane so as to express most nicely the fundamental shape of the object to draw (fig32 and 33). In the case, do not inscribe the line of cutting plane.
b) When required, decide the cutting plane so as to express well the shape of special part to draw. In the case indicated the cutting position by line of cutting plane (fig34).
10.2.3. Half section view .the object of symmetrical shape may be expressed by combination of half of full view and half of full sectional view (fig 35).
10.2.4. Local section view in the full view, only a part of required place may be expressed as the local section view. In this case, indicated the boundary by line of limit of partial or interrupted view and section (fig 36).
10.2.5. Revolved section. The section of arm, rim, rib, hook, shaft, member of structures and the like may be expressed by revolving by 900 according the following .
a) Break the front and rear of the cutting place to draw between them (fig37).
b) Draw on the extended line of cutting plane line (fig38 and 50).
c) Draw in thin continuous line overlapping the cutting place in the view (fig39 and 40).
10.2.6. Sectional view by combination. The sectional drawing to be carried out y combination of sectional view according to not less than two cutting planes shall be as follow. Further, in these case, append the arrow mark and character symbol indicating the direction of viewing the sectional surface, as required (fig41).
a) In the case of the object of symmetric shape near it, cut its one side in parallel to the projection plane by making the center line of symmetry as the boundary, and may cut the other side at an angle relating to the projection plane. In the case indicate the letter sectional view with rotating toward the projection plane by its angle (fig41 and 42).
b) The sectional view may be indicated by combining only the required parts of sectional view cut by not less than two parallel planes. In the case, indicate the position of cutting by line of cutting plane and connect the two line of cutting plane at an arbitrary position in order to indicate that it is the sectional view combination (fig 43).
c) In the case representing the section of curved tube and the like, cut is along the centre line of it’s bend, project as it is ( fig44 ).
d) The sectional view may be expressed by combination of methods of a)to c), as required (fig45 and 46).
10.2.7. Drawing by many sectional view the drawing by many sectional views shall be as follow
a) In the case of expressing the object of complex shape, many sectional views may be draw, as required (fig47 and48).
b) For a series of sectional view, it is preferable to draw by aligning the direction of projection for convenience of inscription of dimensions and understanding the drawing. In this case, it is desirable to arrange on the extended line of cutting plane line (fig48) or on the main centre line (fig49).
c) In the case where the shape of object changes gradually, it may be represented by many section (fig50).
10.2.8. Sectional view of thin wall part
In the case where the section is thin in gasket, Thin plate, etc. the sectional view my be expressed according to the following:
a) The section may be coated with black color ( figs. 51a,b )
b) It in expressed by extra thick line, independently of the actual dimension ( figs51C,d) Further, in the case where these section are adjacent in either cases, place slight clearance between the views expressing the fact (including the clearance between the views expressing the other part). However, this clearance shall be 0.7mm or more.
10.3. Omission of views.
10.3.1. General in order to make the part requiring the graphic indication easy to understand, it is preferable to carry out as follow:
a) The hidden line should be omitted in the case of not interfering with understanding ( fig 52).
b) In the case where, if all part visible in the projection view of supplement are drawn (fig.53a) the view become rather difficult to understand, it is preferable to express as partial view ( fig 52 and 53b ) or auxiliary view ( fig 55).
c) The line appearing ahead of the cutting plane (fig 56a), should preferable be omitted in the case of not interfering with the understanding (fig. 56b ).
d) The view heaving the specified shape at the part should be drawn so that the part appears upper side of the view as far as possible. For example, in the case where the boss hole heaving key way, to be and cylinder heaving hole or groove in the wall, ring heaving cut split are indicated by drawing, it is preferable to be in accordance with the example of fig 57.
e) For the holes and the like arranged on the pitch circle , in the projection view of side surface ( including sectional view), the thin chain line expressing a circular cylinder made by pitch circle and one hole on it is only one side ( independently of projection relation) shall be indicated by drawing and other hole may be omitted ( fig.54 and 58).
Note.
In JIS concerning flanges the pitch circle is expressed as the bolt hole center circle.
Remark: In the case, the arrangement of hole shall be made clear by indicating in the view expressing it or the like.
10.3.2. Omission of view of symmetrical parts. I the case where the view is one of symmetrical part, one side of the symmetrical centre line may be omitted according to either one of the following methods:
a) Only the view of one side of symmetrical center line is drawn, and two short parallel thin line ( defined as symmetrical drawing number) shall be appended at both end part of the symmetrical center line. ( fig59,60 and 61).
b) The view on one side of symmetrical center line shall be drawn to up to the part exceeding the symmetrical center line a little. In this case, the symmetrical drawing symbol may be omitted ( fig.62,63).
10.3.3. Omission of view of repetitive features. In the case where many views of the same kind and the same shape are in a row, views may be omitted according to the following. However, where the view is omitted by using the graphic symbol the meaning of the symbol shall be described at a position easy to the understanding ( fig.64 ) or described by using leader line ( fig.65).
a) Instead of actual shape, inscribe the graphic symbol at the intersecting point of pitch line and center line. ( fig 64).
b) In the case where there is no fear of misreading, indicated both end part (one end for one pitch) or only the essential point according to the actual shape or graphic symbol and in other cases, indicating with the intersecting point of pitch line and center line( fig 65). However, where the position of the intersecting point in clear according to inscription of dimension, the center the pitch line may be omitted (fig 66). Further, in this case number of repetitive part shall be indicated by inscription of dimension or not.
10.3.4. Omission of intermediate part. Part of the same sectional shape ( Example 1), the part where the same shape are in a row regularly ( Example2) or the part of the long taper and the like (Example3 ), may be indicated by drawing by cutting off the intermediate parts and by bringing closer only the essential part to save space.
Example 1 . Shaft, bar, tube, steel section.
Example 2. Rack, master screw of machine tool, parapet or bridge, ladder
Example 3. Taper shaft.
In this case, indicated the end part cut with line of limit of partial of interrupted view and section ( fig 67, 68 and 69). Further, in the case where only the essential point are indicated by drawing is not confusing, the line of limit of partial or interrupted view and section may be omitted (Refer to the right side of fig 68). Furthermore, in the case of indicating by drawing with the long taper part or sloping part cut-off, the part with slight inclination may be not indicated by drawing the actual angle ( fig 69b).
10.4. Special representation of view.
10.4.1. Indication of two surface intersection part. The line expressing the intersecting part ( inter-passing part) of two surface shall be as follow:
a) In the case where the intersecting part has roundness and required to express this rounded part in the corresponding view, it shall be expressed by thick continuous line at the position of intersecting line in the case where intersecting part has no roundness as shown in fig.70.
b) The line ( interpassing line) of intersecting part of curved surface with each other or curved surface with plane shall be represented by straight line ( fig71a,b,c,d,e, and f ) or by arcs appropriated to the correct projection ( fig 71g, h, i).
c) The end of line expressing the rib or the like shall be stopped as it is straight line ( fig. 72a). Further, in the case where the radii of relating roundness are remarkably different, the end may be stopped by curving insides or outsides ( fig72b and c ).
10.4.2. Indication of plane part. In the case where it is required to indicate that a special part in the view is a plane, inscribe the diagonal line with thin continuous line ( fig. 73).
10.4.3. Representation of development, In the case where the developed shape of object made by bending the plate or of object constituted of the surface is required to indicate, it shall be indicated by development. In this case, it is preferable to inscribe as” development’” at either upper side or lower side of development in unity.( Fig. 74).
10.4.4. Limitation of working and treatment range. In the case where special processing is applied to a part of surface of the object, the range may be indicated by thick chain line drawn in parallel to visible outline and apart slightly from it. ( fig.75a) and 162 ), Further, in the case where it is required to indicate is specified range in the view, enclose the range with thick chain line ( fig.75b). Furthermore, in these cases, indicate the necessary items concerning special processing.
10.4.5. Indication of worked parts. The worked part shall be indicated as follow:
a) In the case where it is required to represent the weld position of welded par as the reference, shall be as follow.
1. In the case of indicating the overlapping relation of weld constructed material, in shall be in accordance with the example of fig 76.
2. In the case of indicating the overlapping relation of weld constructed material, and type and size, of the weld, the representation shall be made using weld symbol in fig 77a, and in the case of not requesting any weld dimension as in assembly view, the representation shall be made by marking the weld location in according with the example of fig.77b.
b) The example of weld construction for increasing the strength of thin plate welded structure is show In fig.78.
c) In the case of representing the characteristics of knurled part, metal wire net, checkered steel plate, etc. by drawing on a part of outer shape, it shall be in accordance with the following example (Fig.79,80 and 81. Further, in the case where it is required specially nonmetallic material, it shall as a rule, be in accordance with indicating method of fig.82 or the method specified in the corresponding standard. In this case also the material quality shall be inscribed separately with letters in the part drawing. In the case indicating appearance and also the section, it may be in accordance with this method.
d) The graphic indication of shape of object to be expressed in view before or after processing shall be as follow:
1. In the case where the shape before processing is to be expressed, indicate by drawing with thin chain double-dashed line ( see example 7a and c ) in fig.3).
2. In the case where the shape after processing, for example, the part after assembly, is to be expressed, indicate by drawing with thin chain double-dashed line ( see example 7b in fig.3).
e) In the case where it is required to indicated by drawing the shape of tools, jigs, etc. to be use for processing as reference, indicated by drawing with thin chain double-dashed line ( see example 6 in fig.3).
10.4.6. Other special indication method. Shall be as follow:
a) In the case where it is required to indicated by drawing the part before the cutting plane, indicate by drawing with thin chain double-dashed line ( see example 8 in fig.3 ).
b) In the case where it is required to indicated by drawing the part adjacent to the object as the reference, indicate with thin chain double-dashed line. Don’t draw the view of object with hidden outline even though it is hidden in the adjacent part, ( see example 5 in fig.3) don’t apply hatching to the adjacent part on the section view.
11. Indicating method of dimensions
11.1. General.
a) Taking into consideration the function, production, assembly, etc. indicate the dimension considered to be necessary clearly in the drawing.
b) The dimension required and sufficient to express most clearly the size, figure and position of the object shall be inscribed.
c) The dimension required for function of the object ( functional dimension) shall be indicated (fig.83.).
d) The dimension shall be indicated by numerical value of dimension by using dimension line. Projection line, symbol for dimensioning etc.
e) He dimensions shall be collected in main projection view, as far as possible.
f) For the dimension to be indicated in drawing, unless specially designed, the finished dimension of the object shown in the drawing shall be indicated.
g) The dimension shall be inscribed so as thoroughly as possible to make the calculation unnecessary.
h) The dimension shall be inscribed with the arrangement divided for every process as far as possible.
i) The relating dimension shall be inscribed by collecting in one place as far as possible.
j) The dimension shall be inscribed, based on the reference point, line or plane, as required.
k) The relating dimension shall be inscribed, with the arrangement divided for every process as far as possible.
l) For dimension, where required depending on function (including interchangeability). The limit of size shall be indicated in accordance with JIS Z 8318, excepting the theoretically correct dimension.
m) Among the dimension, to reference dimension, the numerical value of dimension shall be attached in parentheses.
Remark: F, NF and AUX indicate functional dimension, and reference dimension, respectively.
11.2. Projection line
a) The dimension line shall, as a rule, be inscribed by using projection line and numerical value of dimension shall be indicated thereon (fig.84). however, in the case where the drawing becomes confusing, if the projection line are drawn out, this may not be applied ( fig.85).
b) The projection line shall be drawn perpendicularly to the dimension line through the point on the view at the end of dimension to be indicated or through the center of line, and extended until exceeding slightly the dimension line. (Fig.84). however, the projection line may be slightly apart from the view. In the case where specially required for making the point or line indicate the dimension clear, the projection line in parallel to each other having to the suitable angle to the dimension line may be drawn. This angle should preferably be 60 of degree as far as possible. (Fig.86).
c) When rounding or chamfering is applied between two surface inclined to each other, in order to indicated the position of intersection of two surface, the shape before rounding or chamfering shall be expressed by thin continuous line and the projection line shall be drawn out from the intersecting point ( fig.87a). Further , in the case, when it is required to indicate the intersecting point clearly, respective line shall be intersected with each other or block circle shall be attached to the intersecting point ( fig.87b and c).
11.3. Dimension line
a) The dimension line shall as rule, be drawn in parallel to the direction of length to be indicated or of angle to be measured (fig.88) and at both ends of the line, the termination shallbe appendid (fig80).
b) garis dimensi untuk menuliskan sudut dapat dinyatakan oleh busur yang melingkar ditarik antara kedua sisi atau di tarik garis memanjang dengan poin berpotongan dua sisi atau atau di tarik garis panjang membentuk sudut yang mempunyai sudut pusat. ( fig.90).
c) dalam kasus di mana garis dimensi berdekatan dan kontinue , Dimension line sebaiknya tertulis sejajar di garis lurus yang sama (fig.91a) lebih lanjut, dimensi yang berkaitan dengan part sebaiknya tertera pada garis lurus yang sama ( fig.91b and c)
d) The inscription of dimension in a narrow place shall be carried out by drawing element on large scale or by either one of the followings :
1. Lead out the leader line in oblique direction from the dimension line and inscribe the numerical value of the dimension on this upper side.in the case, nothing shall be attached to the end of leading out side of lider line ( fig.92).
Catatan: Leader line dapat digunakan untuk menuliskan metode proses, catatan, jumlah part,etc.akan ditarik keluar, sebagai rul, ke arah/bagian yang miring. Dalam hal ini dimana leader line di buat diluar dari baris menunjukkan shape.anak panag(fig.143 dan145) dan di mana gambar di luar dari dalam garis penunjuk (line indicating) bentuk, lingkaran hitam (fig.93) akan di tambahkan di tempat luar menggambar (gambar-out tempat).
Selanjutnya, bila catatan dan sejenisnya tertulis, sebagai aturan, akirnya itu akan di bentuk secara folding horizontal untuk menulis di sisi atas (ara 145 dan 146).
2. Dengan memperpanjang garis dimensi, yang mungkin tertera pada sisi atas (ini adalah metode 1) (fig.94) atau samping luar (metode 2) [diameter 8 dan diameter12.5 dari fig. 94b] Di mana interval garis proyeksi sempit dan tidak ada clearence untuk menuliskan tanda panah maka memakai titik atau garis miring untuk interval garis proyeksinya.
3. Where the interval of projection view of narrow and there is no clearance to inscribed the arrow mark, the black dot (fig.94a)or Garis miring( oblique line) [fig.94b]may be used instead.
e) In the case of drawing where only one side of line of symmetry is indicated in cimmetrycal view, extend the dimension line adequately, as a rule, exceeding the centre line. In the case, don’t attach the end symbol on the end of extended dimension line. [fig.95]. however, in the case where there is no ffear of nisunderstanding, the dimension line my not axceed the centre line [fig.96].
f) In the symmetrical view in which dimension of many diameter are inscribed they may be inscribed forming several steps as so in example of fig.97, by further shortening the length of dimension line.
11.4. Numerical value of dimension
a.) Nilai angka dari ukuran panjang memilki aturan yang di tulis dalam satuam millimeter dan shimbol ukuran tidak di perlihatkan.
b.) Nilai angka dari ukuran sudut di tulis secara umum untuk sudut dan ketika di butuhkan. Menit dan detik mungkin juga di pakai dalam kombinasi ukuransudut.
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